Multi-media filter tanks are mostly filled with filter media such as quartz sand, anthracite, and manganese sand. In water treatment equipment, their main function is to reduce water turbidity and remove a large number of bacteria, viruses, and organic matter from the water, thereby creating favorable conditions for the subsequent disinfection process. Manganese sand is particularly effective at removing iron and manganese.

Activated carbon has a large number of micropores and an enormous specific surface area, giving it strong physical adsorption capabilities. It can very effectively adsorb impurities in water, especially organic matter and microorganisms. The oxygen-containing groups formed on the surface of activated carbon provide catalytic oxidation and chemical adsorption functions, which can remove some metal ions from the water. Activated carbon also has a strong adsorption effect on any residual chlorine present in the water, protecting the surfaces of downstream stainless steel equipment and pipelines and meeting the influent requirements of subsequent water treatment units.

Softening tanks are filled with sodium-type cation exchange resin. Through the ion exchange reaction of the resin, they can reduce the hardness of the water, preventing calcium and magnesium ions from combining with carbonate and sulfate ions to form scale in subsequent water treatment equipment or pipelines.

Cartridge filters, also known as safety filters, typically have a filtration precision of 5 μm. Their function is to intercept all substances with a particle size larger than 5 μm to meet the influent requirements of the reverse osmosis system.

The key to the application of reverse osmosis technology lies in the performance of the reverse osmosis membrane, which is responsible for desalination. A reverse osmosis membrane is a semi-permeable membrane that allows only water molecules to pass through while preventing solutes from doing so. Besides utilizing the principles of osmosis and reverse osmosis, this technology also leverages the membrane's selective adsorption and sieving mechanisms for organic matter. The pore size of reverse osmosis membranes is mostly less than or equal to 10×10⁻¹⁰ m. The targets for separation are substances in the ionic range and organic matter with molecular weights around several hundred in the solution. It can filter out various bacteria, such as one of the smallest bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3000×10⁻¹⁰ m); it can also filter out various viruses, such as the influenza virus (800×10⁻¹⁰ m) and the meningitis virus (200×10⁻¹⁰ m); furthermore, it can remove pyrogens (10~500×10⁻¹⁰ m). This is a matter of great concern in pharmaceutical water applications.

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